Package 'descr'

Means of a numerical vector according to a factor

Description

Calculates the means of a numerical vector according to a factor.

Usage

compmeans(x, f, w, sort = FALSE, maxlevels = 60,
          user.missing, missing.include = FALSE,
          plot = getOption("descr.plot"),
          relative.widths = TRUE, col = "lightgray",
          warn = getOption("descr.warn"), ...)

Arguments

x	A numeric vector.
f	A factor.
w	Optional vector with weights.
sort	If TRUE, sorts the lines by the means values.
maxlevels	Maximum number of levels that x converted into factor should have.
user.missing	Character vector, indicating what levels of f must be treated as missing values.
missing.include	If TRUE, then NA values, if present in f, are included as level "NA". You can change the new level label by setting the value of descr.na.replacement option. Example: options(descr.na.replacement = "Missing").
plot	Logical: if TRUE (default), a boxplot is produced. You may put options(descr.plot = FALSE) in your ‘.Rprofile’ to change the default function behavior.
relative.widths	If TRUE, the boxes widths will be proportional to the number of elements in each level of f.
col	Vector with the boxes colors.
warn	Warn if conversion from factor into numeric or from numeric into factor was performed and if missing values were dropped (default: TRUE).
...	Further arguments to be passed to either boxplot (if w is missing) or bxp (for w weighted boxplot).

Value

A matrix with class c("matrix", "meanscomp") with labels attributes for x and f. The returned object can be plotted, generating a boxplot of x grouped by f.

Author(s)

Jakson A. Aquino [email protected], with code for weighted boxplots written by Stefan Kraft for simPopulation package.

See Also

boxplot.

Examples

sex <- factor(c(rep("F", 900), rep("M", 900)))
income <- 100 * (rnorm(1800) + 5)
weight <- rep(1, 1800)
weight[sex == "F" & income > 500] <- 3
attr(income, "label") <- "Income"
attr(sex, "label") <- "Sex"
compmeans(income, sex, col = "lightgray", ylab = "income", xlab = "sex")
comp <- compmeans(income, sex, weight, plot = FALSE)
plot(comp, col = c("pink", "lightblue"), ylab = "income", xlab = "sex")

library(xtable)
# If the decimal separator in your country is a comma:
# options(OutDec = ",")
print(xtable(comp, caption = "Income according to sex", label = "tab:incsx"))

---

Cross tabulation with mosaic plot

Description

This function is a wrapper for CrossTable, adding a mosaic plot and making it easier to do a weighted cross-tabulation.

Usage

crosstab(dep, indep, weight = NULL,
         digits = list(expected = 1, prop = 3, percent = 1, others = 3),
         max.width = NA,
         expected = FALSE, prop.r = FALSE, prop.c = FALSE, prop.t = FALSE,
         prop.chisq = FALSE, chisq = FALSE, fisher = FALSE, mcnemar = FALSE,
         resid = FALSE, sresid = FALSE, asresid = FALSE,
         missing.include = FALSE, drop.levels = TRUE, format = "SPSS",
         cell.layout = TRUE, row.labels = !cell.layout,
         percent = (format == "SPSS" && !row.labels),
         total.r, total.c, dnn = "label", xlab = NULL,
         ylab = NULL, main = "", user.missing.dep, user.missing.indep,
         plot = getOption("descr.plot"), ...)

Arguments

dep, indep	Vectors in a matrix or a dataframe. dep should be the dependent variable, and indep should be the independent one.
weight	An optional vector for a weighted cross tabulation.
digits	See CrossTable.
max.width	See CrossTable.
expected	See CrossTable.
prop.r	See CrossTable.
prop.c	See CrossTable.
prop.t	See CrossTable.
prop.chisq	See CrossTable.
chisq	See CrossTable.
fisher	See CrossTable.
mcnemar	See CrossTable.
resid	See CrossTable.
sresid	See CrossTable.
asresid	See CrossTable.
missing.include	See CrossTable.
drop.levels	See CrossTable.
format	See CrossTable.
cell.layout	See CrossTable.
row.labels	See CrossTable.
percent	See CrossTable.
total.r	See CrossTable.
total.c	See CrossTable.
dnn	See CrossTable. If dnn = "label", then the ‘⁠"label"⁠’ attribute of ‘⁠dep⁠’ and ‘⁠indep⁠’ will be used as the dimension names.
xlab	See plot.default.
ylab	See plot.default.
main	An overall title for the plot (see plot.default and title).
user.missing.dep	An optional character vector with the levels of dep that should be treated as missing values.
user.missing.indep	An optional character vector with the levels of indep that should be treated as missing values.
plot	Logical: if TRUE (default), a mosaic plot is produced. You may put options(descr.plot = FALSE) in your ‘.Rprofile’ to change the default function behavior.
...	Further arguments to be passed to mosaicplot.

Details

crosstab invokes the CrossTable with all boolean options set to FALSE and "SPSS" as the default format option. The returned CrossTable object can be plotted as a mosaicplot. Note that the gray scale colors used by default in the mosaic plot do not have any statistical meaning. The colors are used only to ease the plot interpretation.

Differently from CrossTable, this function requires both dep and indep arguments. If you want an univariate tabulation, you should try either CrossTable or freq.

By default, if weight has decimals, the result of xtabs is rounded before being passed to CrossTable. If you prefer that the results are not rounded, add to your code:

options(descr.round.xtabs = FALSE)

Author(s)

Jakson A. Aquino [email protected]

See Also

CrossTable, plot.CrossTable, xtable.CrossTable.

Examples

educ <- sample(c(1, 2), 200, replace = TRUE, prob = c(0.3, 0.7))
educ <- factor(educ, levels = c(1, 2), labels = c("Low", "High"))
opinion <- sample(c(1, 2, 9), 200, replace = TRUE,
                 prob = c(0.4, 0.55, 0.05))
opinion <- factor(opinion, levels = c(1, 2, 9),
                 labels = c("Disagree", "Agree", "Don't know"))
attr(educ, "label") <- "Education level"
attr(opinion, "label") <- "Opinion"
weight <- sample(c(10, 15, 19), 200, replace = TRUE)

crosstab(opinion, educ, xlab = "Education", ylab = "Opinion")
ct <- crosstab(opinion, educ, weight,
               dnn = c("Opinion", "Education"),
               user.missing.dep = "Don't know",
               expected = TRUE, prop.c = TRUE, prop.r = TRUE,
               plot = FALSE)
ct
plot(ct, inv.y = TRUE)

# Get the table of observed values as an object of class "table"
tab <- ct$tab
class(tab)
tab

# Get the complete cross table as "matrix"
complete.tab <- descr:::CreateNewTab(ct)
class(complete.tab)
complete.tab

## xtable support
library(xtable)

# Print ugly table
print(xtable(ct))

# Print pretty table
# Add to the preamble of your Rnoweb document:
# \usepackage{booktabs}
# \usepackage{multirow}
# \usepackage{dcolumn}
# \newcolumntype{d}{D{.}{.}{-1}}
print(xtable(ct, align = "llddd", multirow = TRUE, hline = TRUE,
             row.labels = TRUE, percent = FALSE,
             caption = "Opinion according to level of education"),
      booktabs = TRUE, include.rownames = FALSE,
      sanitize.text.function = function(x) x)

---

Cross tabulation with tests for factor independence

Description

An implementation of a cross-tabulation function with output similar to S-Plus crosstabs() and SAS Proc Freq (or SPSS format) with Chi-square, Fisher and McNemar tests of the independence of all table factors.

Usage

CrossTable(x, y,
           digits = list(expected = 1, prop = 3, percent = 1, others = 3),
           max.width = NA, expected = FALSE,
           prop.r = TRUE, prop.c = TRUE, prop.t = TRUE,
           prop.chisq = TRUE, chisq = FALSE, fisher = FALSE,
           mcnemar = FALSE, resid = FALSE, sresid = FALSE,
           asresid = FALSE, missing.include = FALSE,
           drop.levels = TRUE, format = c("SAS","SPSS"),
           dnn = NULL, cell.layout = TRUE,
           row.labels = !cell.layout,
           percent = (format == "SPSS" && !row.labels),
           total.r, total.c, xlab = NULL, ylab = NULL, ...)

Arguments

x	A vector or a matrix. If y is specified, x must be a vector.
y	A vector in a matrix or a dataframe.
digits	Named list with number of digits after the decimal point for four categories of statistics: expected values, cell proportions, percentage and others statistics. It can also be a numeric vector with a single number if you want the same number of digits in all statistics.
max.width	In the case of a 1 x n table, the default will be to print the output horizontally. If the number of columns exceeds max.width, the table will be wrapped for each successive increment of max.width columns. If you want a single column vertical table, set max.width to 1.
prop.r	If TRUE, row proportions will be included.
prop.c	If TRUE, column proportions will be included.
prop.t	If TRUE, table proportions will be included.
expected	If TRUE, expected cell counts from the $\chi^2$ will be included.
prop.chisq	If TRUE, chi-square contribution of each cell will be included.
chisq	If TRUE, the results of a chi-square test will be printed after the table.
fisher	If TRUE, the results of a Fisher Exact test will be printed after the table
mcnemar	If TRUE, the results of a McNemar test will be printed after the table.
resid	If TRUE, residual (Pearson) will be included.
sresid	If TRUE, standardized residual will be included.
asresid	If TRUE, adjusted standardized residual will be included.
missing.include	If TRUE, then NA values, if present, are included as level "NA" of both x and y. You can change the new level label by setting the value of descr.na.replacement option. Example: options(descr.na.replacement = "Missing").
drop.levels	If TRUE, then remove any unused factor levels.
format	Either SAS (default) or SPSS, depending on the type of output desired.
dnn	The names to be given to the dimensions in the result (the dimnames names).
cell.layout	If TRUE, print the cell layout.
row.labels	If TRUE, add labels to rows of calculated statistics.
percent	A logical value indicating whether to add the percentage symbol ‘⁠prop.r⁠’, ‘⁠prop.c⁠’ and ‘⁠prop.t⁠’ if ‘⁠format⁠’ is ‘⁠"SPSS"⁠’.

.

total.r	If TRUE, print row totals.
total.c	If TRUE, print column totals.
xlab	A title for the x axis when plotting the CrossTable object (see title). If missing, dnn[1] is used if not NULL.
ylab	A title for the y axis when plotting the CrossTable object (see title). If missing, dnn[2] is used if not NULL.
...	Optional arguments passed to chisq.test.

Details

A summary table will be generated with cell row, column and table proportions and marginal totals and proportions. Expected cell counts can be printed if desired. In the case of a 2 x 2 table, both corrected and uncorrected values will be included for appropriate tests. In the case of tabulating a single vector, cell counts and table proportions will be printed.

Note 1: If 'x' is a vector and 'y' is not specified, no statistical tests will be performed, even if any are set to TRUE.

Note 2: 'x' and 'y' labels will be truncated if the table is not going to fit to the screen, according to the value of getOption("width").

If both arguments ‘⁠total.c⁠’ and ‘⁠total.r⁠’ are missing, both will be TRUE. If only one of them is missing, the other will have the same value of the not missing one.

Value

A list of class CrossTable containing parameters used by the print.CrossTable method and the following components:

tab: An n by m matrix containing table cell counts.

prop.row: An n by m matrix containing cell row proportions.

prop.col: An n by m matrix containing cell column proportions.

prop.tbl: An n by m matrix containing cell table proportions.

chisq: Results from the Chi-Square test. A list with class 'htest'. See chisq.test for details.

chisq.corr: Results from the corrected Chi-Square test. A list with class 'htest'. See chisq.test for details. ONLY included in the case of a 2 x 2 table.

fisher.ts: Results from the two-sided Fisher Exact test. A list with class 'htest'. See fisher.test for details. ONLY included if 'fisher' = TRUE.

fisher.lt: Results from the Fisher Exact test with HA = "less". A list with class 'htest'. See fisher.test for details. ONLY included if 'fisher' = TRUE and in the case of a 2 x 2 table.

fisher.gt: Results from the Fisher Exact test with HA = "greater". A list with class 'htest'. See fisher.test for details. ONLY included if 'fisher' = TRUE and in the case of a 2 x 2 table.

mcnemar: Results from the McNemar test. A list with class 'htest'. See mcnemar.test for details. ONLY included if 'mcnemar' = TRUE.

mcnemar.corr: Results from the corrected McNemar test. A list with class 'htest'. See mcnemar.test for details. ONLY included if 'mcnemar' = TRUE and in the case of a 2 x 2 table.

resid/sresid/asresid: Pearson Residuals (from chi-square tests).

Author(s)

Jakson Aquino [email protected] has splited the function CrossTable (from the package gmodels) in two: CrossTable and print.CrossTable. The gmodels's function was developed by Marc Schwartz (original version posted to r-devel on Jul 27, 2002. SPSS format modifications added by Nitin Jain based upon code provided by Dirk Enzmann).

See Also

crosstab (a wrapper to ‘⁠CrossTable⁠’ that makes it easier to do a weighted contingency table), plot.CrossTable, forODFTable, table, prop.table, xtabs.

Examples

# Simple cross tabulation of education versus prior induced
# abortions using infertility data
data(warpbreaks, package = "datasets")
ct <- CrossTable(warpbreaks$wool, warpbreaks$tension,
                 dnn = c("Wool", "Tension"))
data(esoph, package = "datasets")
ct <- CrossTable(esoph$alcgp, esoph$agegp, expected = TRUE,
                 chisq = FALSE, prop.chisq = FALSE,
                 dnn = c("Alcohol consumption", "Tobacco consumption"))
plot(ct, inv.y = TRUE)
print(ct)

# While printing the object, you can replace some (but not all)
# arguments previously passed to CrossTable
print(ct, format = "SPSS", cell.layout = FALSE, row.labels = TRUE)

# For better examples, including the use of xtable,
# see the documentation of crosstab().

---

Export a data.frame and create scripts to input the data again.

Description

Export a data.frame to a tab delimited text and create R and SPSS/PSPP scripts to input the data again.

Usage

data.frame2txt(x, datafile = "x.txt", r.codefile = "x.R",
               sps.codefile = "x.sps", df.name = "x",
               user.missing)

Arguments

x	The data.frame to be exported.
datafile	The name of the tab delimited file to be created.
r.codefile	The name of the R script to read the data file.
sps.codefile	The name of the SPSS/PSPP script to read the data file.
df.name	The name of the data.frame object to be created by the R script.
user.missing	Labels of levels that must be coded as user missing in the sps script.

Details

Logical vectors are converted into numeric before being saved.

Value

The return value of write.table.

Author(s)

Jakson A. Aquino [email protected]

Examples

## Not run: 
data(CO2)
data.frame2txt(CO2)

## End(Not run)

---

Summary of an object

Description

Wrapper for the function summary of base package, including information about variable label. The function prints the label attribute of the object and, then, invokes summary(object). If the object is a data frame, the function prints the label and invokes summary for each variable in the data frame.

Usage

descr(x)

Arguments

x	The object to be described.

Value

Null.

Author(s)

Jakson Aquino [email protected]

See Also

summary

---

Prints first lines of a file.

Description

The function prints the first lines of a file, optionally truncating the lines according to the screen width. The lines are truncated at getOption("width") - 2.

Usage

file.head(file, n, truncate.cols = TRUE)

Arguments

file	Character: The name of the file whose first lines should be printed.
n	The number of lines to show.
truncate.cols	Logical: if TRUE truncate the lines.

Value

NULL.

Author(s)

Jakson A. Aquino [email protected]

---

Convert an object of class CrossTable into a matrix for odfTable

Description

The function converts an object of class CrossTable into a matrix to be printed by ‘⁠odfTable()⁠’ of odfWeave package.

Usage

forODFTable(x, digits = 1, ...)

Arguments

x	A object of class ‘⁠CrossTable⁠’.
digits	See round.
...	Optional arguments passed to format.

Value

A matrix.

Author(s)

Jakson A. Aquino [email protected].

See Also

CrossTable

Examples

## Not run: 
library(odfWeave)
data(infert, package = "datasets")
x <- crosstab(infert$education, infert$induced, expected = TRUE)

# Use the function directly:
odfTable(forODFTable(x))

# Create a method for odfTable:
odfTable.CrossTable <- function(x) odfTable(forODFTable(x))
odfTable(x)
methods(odfTable)

## End(Not run)

---

Frequency table

Description

Prints a frequency table of the selected object. Optionally, the frequency might be weighted.

Usage

freq(x, w, user.missing, plot = getOption("descr.plot"), ...)

Arguments

x	The factor from which the frequency of values is desired.
w	An optional vector for a weighted frequency table.
user.missing	Character vector, indicating what levels must be treated as missing values while calculating valid percents. Levels representing user missing values are not shown in the barplot.
plot	Logical: if TRUE (default), a barplot is produced. You may put options(descr.plot = FALSE) in your ‘.Rprofile’ to change the default function behavior.
...	Further arguments to be passed to plot.freqtable if plot = TRUE.

Details

A column with cumulative percents are added to the frequency table if x is an ordered factor.

Value

A matrix with class c("matrix", "freqtable") with the attribute "xlab" which is a character string corresponding to either the attribute "label" of x or, if x does not have this attribute, the name of x. The returned object can be plotted, generating a barplot.

Author(s)

Jakson A. Aquino [email protected], based on function written by Dirk Enzmann

Examples

x <- c(rep(1, 100), rep(2, 120), rep(3, 10), rep(NA, 12))
w <- c(rep(1.1, 122), rep(0.9, 120))
x <- factor(x, levels = c(1, 2, 3),
            labels = c("No", "Yes", "No answer"))
attr(x, "label") <- "Do you agree?"

freq(x, y.axis = "percent")
f <- freq(x, w, user.missing = "No answer", plot = FALSE)
f
plot(f)

# If the decimal separator in your country is a comma:
# options(OutDec = ",")
library(xtable)
print(xtable(f))

---

Conversion from UTF-8 encoding

Description

Converts the encoding of some attributes of an object from UTF-8 into other encoding.

Usage

fromUTF8(x, to = "WINDOWS-1252")

Arguments

x	A R object, usually a variable of a data frame or a data frame.
to	A string indicating the desired encoding. Common values are "LATIN1" and "WINDOWS-1252". Type iconvlist() for the complete list of available encodings.

Details

The function converts the attribute label of x from UTF-8 into the specified encoding. If x is a factor, the levels are converted as well. If x is a data.frame, the function makes the conversions in all of its variables.

Value

The object with its label and levels converted.

Author(s)

Jakson A. Aquino [email protected].

See Also

iconv

---

Fast conversion of a fwf file into a csv one

Description

Convert fixed width formated file into a tab separated one.

Usage

fwf2csv(fwffile, csvfile, names, begin, end,
        verbose = getOption("verbose"))

Arguments

fwffile	The fixed width format file.
csvfile	The csv file to be created. The fields will be separated by tab characters and there will be no quotes around strings.
names	A character vector with column names.
begin	A numeric vector with the begin offset of values in the fixed width format file.
end	A numeric vector with the end offset of values in the fixed width format file.
verbose	Logical: if TRUE a message about the number of saved lines is printed.

Details

The return value is NULL, but cvsfile is created if the function is successful. The file is a text table with fields separated by tabular characters without quotes around the strings.

This function is useful if you have a very big fixed width formated file to read and read.fwf would be too slow. The function that does the real job is very fast because it is written in C, and the use of RAM is minimum.

Value

NULL.

Author(s)

Jakson A. Aquino [email protected]

See Also

For an efficient way of reading a csv file, see the function ‘⁠fread()⁠’ from data.table package.

Examples

txt_file <- tempfile()
csv_file <- tempfile()

# Column:     12345678901234567
writeLines(c("CE  1  11M43 2000",
             "CE  1  12F40 1800",
             "CE  1  13F 9    0",
             "CE  1  13M 6    0",
             "CE  2  21F36 1200",
             "CE  2  23M 6    0",
             "BA  1  11M33 2100",
             "BA  1  12F34 2300",
             "BA  1  13M10    0",
             "BA  1  13F 7    0",
             "BA  2  21F26 3600",
             "BA  2  22M27 3200",
             "BA  2  23F 2    0"),
           con = txt_file)

tab <- rbind(c("state",   1,  2),
             c("municp",  3,  5),
             c("house",   6,  8),
             c("cond",    9,  9),
             c("sex",    10, 10),
             c("age",    11, 12),
             c("income", 13, 17))

fwf2csv(txt_file, csv_file,
        names = tab[, 1],
        begin = as.numeric(tab[, 2]),
        end = as.numeric(tab[, 3]))
d <- read.table(csv_file, header = TRUE,
                 sep = "\t", quote = "")
d$cond <- factor(d$cond, levels = c(1, 2, 3),
                 labels = c("Reference", "Spouse", "Child"))
d$sex <- factor(d$sex)
d

---

Histogram with kernel density and normal curve

Description

Plots a histogram with kernel density and normal curve.

Usage

histkdnc(v, breaks = 0, include.lowest = TRUE, right = TRUE,
         main = "Histogram with kernel density and normal curve",
         xlab = deparse(substitute(v)), col = grey(0.90),
         col.cur = c("red", "blue"), lty.cur = c(1, 1),
         xlim = NULL, ylim = NULL, ...)

Arguments

v	The object from which the histogram is desired.
breaks	See hist.
include.lowest	See hist.
right	See hist.
main	See hist.
xlab	See hist.
col	See hist.
col.cur	Vector of size two with the colors of, respectively, kernel density and normal curve.
lty.cur	Vector of size two with line type of, respectively, kernel density and normal curve.
xlim	See plot.default and hist.
ylim	See plot.default and hist.
...	Further arguments to be passed to hist.

Details

The function plots a histogram of the object x with its kernel density and a normal curve with the same mean and standard deviation of x.

Value

NULL.

Author(s)

Dirk Enzmann (modified by Jakson Aquino[email protected]).

---

Conversion of specially written text file into R code

Description

Convert a specially written text file with information on variable labels and value labels into R code that converts integer vectors into factor variables.

Usage

labels2R(lfile, rfile, dfname = "b", echo = FALSE)

Arguments

lfile	The path to the text file to be converted.
rfile	The path to the file to be created.
dfname	Name of data.frame where the variables are.
echo	If TRUE, then lines of lfile are printed in the R Console while the file is parsed. This may be useful debugging.

Details

The return value is NULL, but rfile is created if the function is successful. The file is an R code that converts numeric vectors into factors. The text file must have a format as in the example below:

  v1 Sex
  1 Female
  2 Male

  v2 Household income

  v3 Taking all things together, would you say you are...
  1 Very happy
  2 Rather happy
  3 Not very happy
  4 Not at all happy
  

The above code would be converted into:

  b$v1 <- factor(b$v1, levels=c(1, 2), labels=c("Female", "Male"))
  attr(b$v1, "label") <- "Sex"
  attr(b$v2, "label") <- "Household income"
  b$v3 <- factor(b$v3, levels=c(1, 2, 3, 4),
                 labels=c("Very happy", "Rather happy",
                          "Not very happy", "Not at all happy"))
  attr(b$v3, "label") <- "Taking all things together, would you say you are..."
  

Value

NULL.

Author(s)

Jakson A. Aquino [email protected]

---

Pseudo R2 of logistic regression

Description

The function calculates multiple R2 analogues (pseudo R2) of logistic regression.

Usage

LogRegR2(model)

Arguments

model

A logistic regression model.

Details

The function calculates McFaddens R2, Cox & Snell Index, and Nagelkerke Index of a logistic regression model.

Value

A object of class list with the calculated indexes.

Author(s)

Dirk Enzmann

---

Mosaic plot from object of class CrossTable

Description

This function receives a CrossTable object as its main argument and produces a mosaicplot.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'CrossTable'
plot(x, xlab, ylab, main = "", col,
           inv.x = FALSE, inv.y = FALSE, ...)

Arguments

x	A object of class CrossTable.
xlab	See plot.default.
ylab	See plot.default.
main	See plot.default and title.
col	A specification for the default plotting color. (See section ‘Color Specification’ of par). If the argument is missing, a gray scale is used to make the plot easier to interpret.
inv.x	A logical value indicating whether the order of the levels of the x variable should be inverted.
inv.y	A logical value indicating whether the order of the levels of the y variable should be inverted.
...	Further arguments to be passed to mosaicplot.

Author(s)

Jakson A. Aquino [email protected]

See Also

CrossTable, crosstab.

---

Bar plot from object of class freqtable

Description

This function receives a freqtable object as its main argument and produces a barplot.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'freqtable'
plot(x, y.axis = "count", ...)

Arguments

x	A object of class freqtable.
y.axis	Character string, indicating what variable to use in the y axis, "count" or "percent", when plotting the frequency table.
...	Further arguments to be passed to barplot.

Author(s)

Jakson A. Aquino [email protected]

---

Conversion to UTF-8 encoding

Description

Converts the encoding of some attributes of an object to UTF-8

Usage

toUTF8(x, from = "WINDOWS-1252")

Arguments

x	A R object, usually a variable of a data frame or a data frame.
from	A string indicating the original encoding. Common values are "LATIN1" and "WINDOWS-1252". Type iconvlist() for the complete list of available encodings.

Details

The function converts the attribute label of x from the specified encoding into UTF-8. If x is a factor, the levels are converted as well. If x is a data.frame, the function makes the conversions in all of its variables.

Value

The object with its label and levels converted.

Author(s)

Jakson A. Aquino [email protected].

See Also

iconv

---

CrossTable method for xtable

Description

The method creates an object of class xtable.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'CrossTable'
xtable(x, caption = NULL, label = NULL,
       align = NULL, digits = NULL, display = NULL,
       auto = FALSE, multirow = FALSE, hline = FALSE, ...)

Arguments

x	A object of class CrossTable.
caption	See xtable.
label	See xtable.
align	See xtable.
display	See xtable.
digits	See xtable.
auto	See xtable.
multirow	A logical value indicating whether the command ⁠\multirow⁠ should be added to the table. See the Details section below.
hline	A logical value indicating whether the command ⁠\hline⁠ should be added to the table. See the Details section below.
...	Further arguments to be passed to format or to replace arguments previously passed to CrossTable.

Details

If either multirow or hline is TRUE, the sanitize.text.function argument of print.xtable must be defined. You will also have to add ⁠\usepackage{multirow}⁠ to your Rnoweb document. See the Example section of crosstab.

Author(s)

Jakson A. Aquino [email protected]

See Also

CrossTable, crosstab, print.xtable.

---